... 'codes are not in competition with one another...; there is no choice between, say, lighting and montage. Choice is given between the various sub-codes of a code, they being in a relation of mutual exclusion' (Heath 1981, 127). The various kinds of codes overlap, and the semiotic analysis of any text or practice involves considering several codes and the relationships between them. A range of typologies of codes can be found in the literature of semiotics. Social codes [In a broader sense all semiotic codes are 'social codes'] verbal language (phonological, syntactical, lexical, prosodic and paralinguistic subcodes); bodily codes (bodily contact, proximity, physical orientation, appearance, facial expression, gaze, head nods, gestures and posture); commodity codes (fashions, clothing, cars); behavioural codes (protocols, rituals, role-playing, games). Textual codes [Representational codes] scientific codes, including mathematics; aesthetic codes within the various expressive arts (poetry, drama, painting, sculpture, music, etc.) - including classicism, romanticism, realism; genre, rhetorical and stylistic codes: narrative (plot, character, action, dialogue, setting, etc.), exposition, argument and so on; mass media codes including photographic, televisual, filmic, radio, newspaper and magazine codes, both technical and conventional (including format). Interpretative codes [There is less agreement about these as semiotic codes] perceptual codes: e.g. of visual perception (Hall 1980, 132; Nichols 1981, 11ff; Eco 1982) (note that this code does not assume intentional communication); ideological codes: More broadly, these include codes for 'encoding' and 'decoding' texts - dominant (or 'hegemonic'), negotiated or oppositional (Hall 1980; Morley 1980). More specifically, we may list the 'isms', such as individualism, liberalism, feminism, racism, materialism, capitalism, progressivism, conservatism, socialism, objectivism, consumerism and populism; (note, however, that all codes can be seen as ideological). These three types of codes correspond broadly to three key kinds of knowledge required by interpreters of a text, namely knowledge of: the world (social knowledge); the medium and the genre (textual knowledge); the relationship between (1) and (2) (modality judgements). Class assignment 1 (group work, done orally): In the following video what code convention(s) is/are illustrated? How successfully have they been observed? Class assignment 2 (pair work, done orally): Look at the following picture frames and decide which of them you consider the most suitable for the portrait. What code conventions would you try to observe while choosing the appropriate frame? Class assignment 3 (pair work, done orally): Look at the following text with a very specific layout. Does this layout imply any code conventions? What in your opinion should be the proper layout for this text?