Visual metaphors are implied as a consequence of analyzing the relationships between the formal structures and subject matter of works of art. Example: Shape A (Greek Cross), with its bold black outline and the symmetrical intersection of its vertical and horizontal rectangles, serves as a visual metaphor for strength (bold outline) and stability (symmetry); two very positive characteristics that we associate with health service organizations. In Shape B, vertical and horizontal rectangles intersect in the upper quadrant of the vertical rectangle. Our attention is drawn to this intersection and the cross takes on the image of a person with arms outstretched in a gesture that suggests openness and vulnerability. The Latin Cross not only symbolizes Christianity, it also possesses the potential to serve as a metaphor for Christian ideals depending upon how it is rendered and interpreted. from http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/laa/sign_4.html Class assignment (pair work, done orally): Think of what message is implied in the metaphor "thumbs up"? Look at the pictures and decide which of them conveys/convey this message best? "thumbs up" How would you classify these metaphors according to their types (orientational, ontological, structural)?