Metonymy is a function which involves using one signified to stand for another signified which is directly related to it or closely associated with it in some way. Metonyms are based on various indexical relationships between signifieds, notably the substitution of effect for cause. The best definition I (D.Chandler) have found is that 'metonymy is the evocation of the whole by a connection. It consists in using for the name of a thing or a relationship an attribute, a suggested sense, or something closely related, such as effect for cause... the imputed relationship being that of contiguity' (Wilden 1987, 198). It can be seen as based on substitution by adjuncts (things that are found together) or on functional relationships. Many of these forms notably make an abstract referent more concrete, although some theorists also include substitution in the opposite direction (e.g. cause for effect). Metonymy includes the substitution of: effect for cause ('Don't get hot under the collar!' for 'Don't get angry!'); object for user (or associated institution) ('the Crown' for the monarchy, 'the stage' for the theatre and 'the press' for journalists); substance for form ('plastic' for 'credit card', 'lead' for 'bullet'); place for event: ('Chernobyl changed attitudes to nuclear power'); place for person ('No. 10' for the British prime minister); place for institution ('Whitehall isn't saying anything'); institution for people ('The government is not backing down'). Lakoff and Johnson comment on several types of metonym, including: producer for product ('She owns a Picasso'); object for user ('The ham sandwich wants his check [bill]'); controller for controlled ('Nixon bombed Hanoi'). They argue that (as with metaphor) particular kinds of metonymic substitution may influence our thoughts, attitudes and actions by focusing on certain aspects of a concept and suppressing other aspects which are inconsistent with the metonym. Class assignment (pair work, done orally): This picture has the caption "College Life". Comment upon the type of metonymy used here. What picture with the same caption could you design?